Beyond Linux® From Scratch - Version 7.8

Chapter 20. Major Servers

BIND-9.10.3

Introduction to BIND

The BIND package provides a DNS server and client utilities. If you are only interested in the utilities, refer to the BIND Utilities-9.10.3.

This package is known to build and work properly using an LFS-7.8 platform.

Package Information

  • Download (FTP): ftp://ftp.isc.org/isc/bind9/9.10.3/bind-9.10.3.tar.gz

  • Download MD5 sum: d8cbf04a62a139a841d4bf878087a555

  • Download size: 8.1 MB

  • Estimated disk space required: 137 MB (additional 60 MB for the test suite)

  • Estimated build time: 0.8 SBU (additional 24+ minutes, processor independent, to run the complete test suite)

Additional Downloads

BIND Dependencies

Optional

libcap-2.24 with PAM, libxml2-2.9.2, MIT Kerberos V5-1.13.2, OpenSSL-1.0.2d, and geoip

Optional database backends

Berkeley DB-6.1.26, MariaDB-10.0.21 or MySQL, OpenLDAP-2.4.42, PostgreSQL-9.4.4, and unixODBC-2.3.2

Optional (to run the test suite)

Net::DNS-1.02 and Net-tools-CVS_20101030 (you may omit net-tools by using the optional patch to utilize iproute2, but the IPv6 tests will fail)

Optional (to rebuild the documentation)

Doxygen-1.8.10, libxslt-1.1.28, and texlive-20150521 (or install-tl-unx)

User Notes: http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/wiki/bind

Installation of BIND

If you have chosen not to install net-tools, apply the iproute2 patch with the following command: 

patch -Np1 -i ../bind-9.10.3-use_iproute2-1.patch

Install BIND by running the following commands: 

./configure --prefix=/usr           \
            --sysconfdir=/etc       \
            --localstatedir=/var    \
            --mandir=/usr/share/man \
            --enable-threads        \
            --with-libtool          \
            --disable-static        \
            --with-randomdev=/dev/urandom &&
make

Issue the following commands to run the complete suite of tests. First, as the root user, set up some test interfaces:

[Note]

Note

If IPv6 is not enabled in the kernel, there will be several error messages: "RTNETLINK answers: Operation not permitted". These messages do not afffect the tests. 

bin/tests/system/ifconfig.sh up

The test suite may indicate some skipped tests depending on what configuration options are used. Some tests are marked “UNTESTED ” if Net::DNS-1.02 is not installed. To run the tests, as an unprivileged user, execute: 

make -k check

Again as root, clean up the test interfaces: 

bin/tests/system/ifconfig.sh down

Finally, install the package as the root user: 

make install &&
chmod -v 0755 /usr/lib/lib{bind9,dns,isc{,cc,cfg},lwres}.so &&

install -v -m755 -d /usr/share/doc/bind-9.10.3/{arm,misc} &&
install -v -m644    doc/arm/*.html \
                    /usr/share/doc/bind-9.10.3/arm &&
install -v -m644    doc/misc/{dnssec,ipv6,migrat*,options,rfc-compliance,roadmap,sdb} \
                    /usr/share/doc/bind-9.10.3/misc

Command Explanations

--sysconfdir=/etc: This parameter forces BIND to look for configuration files in /etc instead of /usr/etc.

--enable-threads: This parameter enables multi-threading capability.

--with-libtool: This parameter forces the building of dynamic libraries and links the installed binaries to these libraries.

--with-randomdev=/dev/urandom: This parameter specifes a non-blocking random device for use with digital signatures.

--enable-fetchlimit: Use this option if you want to be able to limit the the rate of recursive client queries. This may be useful on servers which receive a large number of queries.

--disable-static: This switch prevents installation of static versions of the libraries.

chmod 0755 /usr/lib/{lib{bind9,dns,isc{,cc,cfg},lwres}.so: Enable the execute bit to prevent a warning when using ldd to check library dependencies.

cd doc; install ...: These commands install additional package documentation. Omit any or all of these commands if desired.

Configuring BIND

Config files

named.conf, root.hints, 127.0.0, rndc.conf and resolv.conf

Configuration Information

BIND will be configured to run in a chroot jail as an unprivileged user (named). This configuration is more secure in that a DNS compromise can only affect a few files in the named user's HOME directory.

Create the unprivileged user and group named: 

groupadd -g 20 named &&
useradd -c "BIND Owner" -g named -s /bin/false -u 20 named &&
install -d -m770 -o named -g named /srv/named

Set up some files, directories and devices needed by BIND: 

cd /srv/named &&
mkdir -p dev etc/namedb/{slave,pz} usr/lib/engines var/run/named &&
mknod /srv/named/dev/null c 1 3 &&
mknod /srv/named/dev/urandom c 1 9 &&
chmod 666 /srv/named/dev/{null,urandom} &&
cp /etc/localtime etc &&
touch /srv/named/managed-keys.bind &&
cp /usr/lib/engines/libgost.so usr/lib/engines &&
[ $(uname -m) = x86_64 ] && ln -sv lib usr/lib64

The rndc.conf file contains information for controlling named operations with the rndc utility. Generate a key for use in the named.conf and rdnc.conf with the rndc-confgen command: 

rndc-confgen -r /dev/urandom -b 512 > /etc/rndc.conf &&
sed '/conf/d;/^#/!d;s:^# ::' /etc/rndc.conf > /srv/named/etc/named.conf

Complete the named.conf file from which named will read the location of zone files, root name servers and secure DNS keys: 

cat >> /srv/named/etc/named.conf << "EOF"
options {
    directory "/etc/namedb";
    pid-file "/var/run/named.pid";
    statistics-file "/var/run/named.stats";

};
zone "." {
    type hint;
    file "root.hints";
};
zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" {
    type master;
    file "pz/127.0.0";
};

// Bind 9 now logs by default through syslog (except debug).
// These are the default logging rules.

logging {
    category default { default_syslog; default_debug; };
    category unmatched { null; };

  channel default_syslog {
      syslog daemon;                      // send to syslog's daemon
                                          // facility
      severity info;                      // only send priority info
                                          // and higher
  };

  channel default_debug {
      file "named.run";                   // write to named.run in
                                          // the working directory
                                          // Note: stderr is used instead
                                          // of "named.run"
                                          // if the server is started
                                          // with the '-f' option.
      severity dynamic;                   // log at the server's
                                          // current debug level
  };

  channel default_stderr {
      stderr;                             // writes to stderr
      severity info;                      // only send priority info
                                          // and higher
  };

  channel null {
      null;                               // toss anything sent to
                                          // this channel
  };
};
EOF

Create a zone file with the following contents: 

cat > /srv/named/etc/namedb/pz/127.0.0 << "EOF"
$TTL 3D
@      IN      SOA     ns.local.domain. hostmaster.local.domain. (
                        1       ; Serial
                        8H      ; Refresh
                        2H      ; Retry
                        4W      ; Expire
                        1D)     ; Minimum TTL
                NS      ns.local.domain.
1               PTR     localhost.
EOF

Create the root.hints file with the following commands:

[Note]

Note

Caution must be used to ensure there are no leading spaces in this file. 

cat > /srv/named/etc/namedb/root.hints << "EOF"
.                       6D  IN      NS      A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
.                       6D  IN      NS      B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
.                       6D  IN      NS      C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
.                       6D  IN      NS      D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
.                       6D  IN      NS      E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
.                       6D  IN      NS      F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
.                       6D  IN      NS      G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
.                       6D  IN      NS      H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
.                       6D  IN      NS      I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
.                       6D  IN      NS      J.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
.                       6D  IN      NS      K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
.                       6D  IN      NS      L.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
.                       6D  IN      NS      M.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     6D  IN      A       198.41.0.4
B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     6D  IN      A       192.228.79.201
C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     6D  IN      A       192.33.4.12
D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     6D  IN      A       199.7.91.13
E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     6D  IN      A       192.203.230.10
F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     6D  IN      A       192.5.5.241
G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     6D  IN      A       192.112.36.4
H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     6D  IN      A       128.63.2.53
I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     6D  IN      A       192.36.148.17
J.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     6D  IN      A       192.58.128.30
K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     6D  IN      A       193.0.14.129
L.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     6D  IN      A       199.7.83.42
M.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     6D  IN      A       202.12.27.33
EOF

The root.hints file is a list of root name servers. This file must be updated periodically with the dig utility. A current copy of root.hints can be obtained from ftp://rs.internic.net/domain/named.root. Consult the BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual for details.

Create or modify resolv.conf to use the new name server with the following commands:

[Note]

Note

Replace <yourdomain.com> with your own valid domain name. 

cp /etc/resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf.bak &&
cat > /etc/resolv.conf << "EOF"
search <yourdomain.com>
nameserver 127.0.0.1
EOF

Set permissions on the chroot jail with the following command: 

chown -R named:named /srv/named

Boot Script

To start the DNS server at boot, install the /etc/rc.d/init.d/bind init script included in the blfs-bootscripts-20150924 package. 

make install-bind

Now start BIND with the new boot script: 

/etc/rc.d/init.d/bind start

Testing BIND

Test out the new BIND 9 installation. First query the local host address with dig: 

dig -x 127.0.0.1

Now try an external name lookup, taking note of the speed difference in repeated lookups due to the caching. Run the dig command twice on the same address: 

dig www.linuxfromscratch.org &&
dig www.linuxfromscratch.org

You can see almost instantaneous results with the named caching lookups. Consult the BIND Administrator Reference Manual located at doc/arm/Bv9ARM.html in the package source tree, for further configuration options.

Contents

Installed Programs: arpaname, bind9-config hardlinked to isc-config.sh, ddns-confgen, delv, dig, dnssec-checkds, dnssec-coverage, dnssec-dsfromkey, dnssec-importkey, dnssec-keyfromlabel, dnssec-keygen, dnssec-revoke, dnssec-settime, dnssec-signzone, dnssec-verify, genrandom, host, isc-hmac-fixup, lwresd hardlinked to named, named-checkconf, named-checkzone, named-compilezone (symlink), named-journalprint, named-rrchecker, nsec3hash, nslookup, nsupdate, rndc, rndc-confgen, and tsig-keygen (symlink)
Installed Libraries: libbind9.so, libdns.so, libirs.so, libisc.so, libisccc.so, libisccfg.so, and liblwres.so
Installed Directories: /usr/include/{bind9,dns,dst,irs,isc,isccc,isccfg,lwres,pk11,pkcs11}, /usr/share/doc/bind-9.10.3 and /srv/named

Short Descriptions

arpaname

translate IP addresses to the corresponding ARPA names.

bind9-config

hardlinked to isc-config.sh.

ddns-confgen

generates a key for use by nsupdate and named.

delv

is a new debugging tool that is a successor to dig.

dig

interrogates DNS servers.

dnssec-checkds

is a DNSSEC delegation consistency checking tool.

dnssec-coverage

verifies that the DNSSEC keys for a given zone or a set of zones have timing metadata set properly to ensure no future lapses in DNSSEC coverage.

dnssec-dsfromkey

outputs the Delegation Signer (DS) resource record (RR).

dnssec-importkey

reads a public DNSKEY record and generates a pair of .key/.private files.

dnssec-keyfromlabel

gets keys with the given label from a crypto hardware and builds key files for DNSSEC.

dnssec-keygen

is a key generator for secure DNS.

dnssec-revoke

Set the REVOKED bit on a DNSSEC key.

dnssec-settime

set the key timing metadata for a DNSSEC key.

dnssec-signzone

generates signed versions of zone files.

dnssec-verify

verifies that a zone is fully signed for each algorithm found in the DNSKEY RRset for the zone, and that the NSEC / NSEC3 chains are complete.

genrandom

generate a file containing random data.

host

is a utility for DNS lookups.

isc-config.sh

prints information related to the installed version of ISC BIND.

isc-hmac-fixup

fixes HMAC keys generated by older versions of BIND.

lwresd

is a caching-only name server for local process use.

named

is the name server daemon.

named-checkconf

checks the syntax of named.conf files.

named-checkzone

checks zone file validity.

named-compilezone

is similar to named-checkzone, but it always dumps the zone contents to a specified file in a specified format.

named-journalprint

print zone journal in human-readable form.

named-rrchecker

read a individual DNS resource record from standard input and checks if it is syntactically correct.

nsec3hash

generates an NSEC3 hash based on a set of NSEC3 parameters.

nslookup

is a program used to query Internet domain nameservers.

nsupdate

is used to submit DNS update requests.

rndc

controls the operation of BIND.

rndc-confgen

generates rndc.conf files.

tsig-keygen

is a symlink to ddns-confgen.

Last updated on 2015-09-26 10:44:19 -0700